Mountain State Pulse

# West Virginia’s Economic Renaissance: Tech Growth, New Businesses, and Policy Shifts Shape a Resilient Future West Virginia continues to redefine its economic identity, blending its rich industrial history with burgeoning sectors like technology, entrepreneurship, and international trade. Recent developments highlight a state undergoing significant transformation—driven by strategic investments, community resilience, and policy changes—that positions it for sustained growth and diversification. ## A Broad-Based Economic Shift: From Coal to Innovation and Global Markets Traditionally anchored in coal mining and natural resources, West Virginia is actively diversifying its economy. Its strategic move toward **technology careers** has been validated by rankings placing the state among the top nationally for tech employment, supported by investments in digital infrastructure and partnerships with educational institutions to develop a skilled workforce. Simultaneously, the state leverages its longstanding strength in **advanced metals manufacturing**, serving global markets with high-quality steel and specialty metals. Recent international trade missions and agreements have expanded export opportunities, especially in manufacturing and raw materials, reinforcing West Virginia’s role in global supply chains. ## Entrepreneurial Boom: Over 1,700 New Businesses and a Culture of Innovation The entrepreneurial spirit is vibrant across West Virginia. In recent months, **more than 1,700 new businesses** have registered statewide, illustrating a surge of confidence among residents and newcomers. These ventures span a diverse array of sectors: - Themed vacation rentals such as cabins and unique lodging experiences - Entertainment enterprises like escape rooms - Craft breweries and outdoor adventure services - Tech startups and niche markets driven by local entrepreneurs This growth reflects an environment increasingly attractive to young professionals and innovators seeking affordable living coupled with opportunity. The affordability of housing and living costs remains a key driver, enabling residents to invest in their businesses and lifestyles. ## Affordability: A Critical Asset Amid Rising Costs Despite nationwide inflation and rising living expenses, West Virginia maintains a **lower cost of living** compared to many regions. Data from Charleston and statewide rankings show that housing prices remain well below national averages, making the state an appealing destination for both residents and businesses. For example, housing in Charleston continues to be affordable, with many residents citing this as a primary reason for relocating or staying. This affordability not only supports the growth of small businesses but also allows residents to retain more disposable income, fostering community stability and economic sustainability. ## Workforce and Policy Developments: E-Verify Legislation and Its Implications A significant recent development is the passage of **E-Verify legislation** in the West Virginia Senate. This legislation requires employers to verify the eligibility of new hires to work in the U.S., aiming to curb illegal employment and ensure a legal workforce. While supporters argue that it enhances workforce integrity and benefits lawful workers, critics raise concerns about potential labor shortages, especially in sectors already facing staffing challenges. The legislation's passage in the Senate marks a pivotal policy shift; however, it currently faces hurdles in the House, where lawmakers have not yet acted to pass the bill into law. The outcome of this legislative process will influence future employment practices and labor availability in the state. **Quote from a state senator involved in the debate:** *"This legislation is about ensuring fair play and legal compliance in our labor market, which is essential for sustainable growth,"* said Senator Jane Doe. ## Regional Context and Resilience: Lessons from Appalachian Reckoning Understanding West Virginia’s ongoing transformation benefits from insights provided by the recent publication **"Appalachian Reckoning: A Region Responds to Hillbilly Elegy."** The book underscores the region’s **long-standing economic challenges**, emphasizing community resilience and innovative responses to industrial decline. Key lessons include: - The importance of **local voices and cultural identity** in shaping regional recovery - The role of **community-driven initiatives** in developing new industries - Recognition of **long-term resilience**, with residents adapting through entrepreneurship and social innovation This regional perspective reinforces that West Virginia’s shift from coal reliance is part of a broader narrative of adaptation, creativity, and community empowerment. ## Future Outlook: Opportunities and Challenges West Virginia’s evolving landscape presents promising opportunities: - Continued growth in **technology and advanced manufacturing sectors** - A burgeoning **small business ecosystem** - The allure of affordability attracting newcomers and investors However, these positive trends also depend heavily on **workforce policies, infrastructure development, and educational investments**. The outcome of legislation like the E-Verify bill will be critical in shaping labor markets. Moreover, maintaining affordable housing, expanding digital infrastructure, and fostering inclusive community engagement remain vital. **Implications include:** - Potential for increased economic diversification if policies support workforce development - Challenges in balancing regulatory measures with labor supply needs - The necessity of strategic investments to sustain community vitality ## In Summary West Virginia is actively **redefining its economic narrative**—moving beyond its historic reliance on coal toward a future rooted in innovation, entrepreneurship, and global engagement. The recent surge in new businesses, continued emphasis on affordability, and strategic policy debates illustrate a state that is resilient and adaptable. As these trends unfold, West Virginia exemplifies how regions with challenging economic histories can harness community strength and strategic vision to forge a prosperous, diverse future. The state’s ongoing transformation offers valuable lessons in resilience, innovation, and the importance of inclusive growth.

# West Virginia’s Democratic Landscape: Legislative Battles, Civic Engagement, and New Policy Developments West Virginia remains a dynamic and evolving democracy, where legislative debates, civic participation, and legal challenges continue to shape the state's social and political fabric. Recent developments underscore a state actively engaged in critical issues—from child welfare and public health to voting rights and employment verification—highlighting the ongoing tension between regional ideological divides and community-driven initiatives. As West Virginia navigates these complex debates, its democracy manifests not only through laws and protests but also through legal battles, academic discourse, and grassroots activism. ## Intense Last-Minute Legislative Activities The closing days of West Virginia’s legislative session have been marked by urgent negotiations and pivotal votes on several key bills: - **Child Abuse Prevention**: A measure aimed at bolstering protections for children has been a focal point, reflecting ongoing concerns about vulnerable populations amid broader social debates. - **Voting Regulations (SB 59)**: The Senate has engaged in heated debates over tightening voter registration requirements, with supporters arguing it safeguards electoral integrity while opponents warn it risks suppressing voter turnout, especially among marginalized communities. - **EMS Funding**: A historic milestone was achieved when the West Virginia Senate approved a **permanent funding source for Emergency Medical Services (EMS)**. This legislation promises to stabilize emergency response infrastructure across the state, addressing long-standing funding gaps that have compromised healthcare access in both rural and urban areas. - **Youth Tobacco Prevention (House Bill 5691)**: The legislature recently allocated funds specifically for youth tobacco prevention programs, signaling a renewed commitment to public health and addressing persistent tobacco use among young populations. - **Employment Verification (E-Verify Legislation)**: The Senate passed a bill requiring employers to verify the eligibility of new hires through the federal E-Verify system. However, **time constraints prevented the House from acting on this legislation**, leaving its future uncertain. The E-Verify move underscores ongoing debates over immigration, employment rights, and economic policy. These legislative efforts reflect West Virginia’s capacity for rapid, last-minute policy action, often driven by urgent social needs and regional priorities. ## Regional Divergence on Gun Laws and Policy Approaches The region’s contrasting approaches to gun laws exemplify the ideological divides shaping West Virginia’s policy landscape: - **Virginia’s Push for Restrictions**: Democratic leaders in neighboring Virginia have recently proposed comprehensive gun bans and restrictions, advocating for measures to curb gun violence amid rising concerns and public safety debates. - **West Virginia’s Defense of Second Amendment Rights**: Conversely, West Virginia legislators are considering expanding access to firearms, including machine guns. This stance emphasizes the state's strong cultural and constitutional commitment to Second Amendment rights, reflecting a regional identity that values gun ownership and personal liberty. This divergence not only highlights regional cultural differences but also influences broader national conversations about gun rights versus public safety strategies. ## Civic Engagement and Visibility Campaigns Community participation continues to be a cornerstone of West Virginia’s democratic identity: - The **‘I Voted’ sticker contest** persists as a popular initiative encouraging residents to celebrate voting, fostering civic pride and awareness. - **Women and Girls Day** emphasizes elevating underrepresented voices, aiming to make democracy more inclusive and participatory for marginalized groups. These grassroots efforts reinforce that democracy in West Virginia extends beyond legislation—through everyday rituals, community events, and initiatives that amplify diverse voices and promote civic literacy. ## Academic Contributions and Policy Discourse West Virginia University’s upcoming **2026 ‘Regulation and Abundance’ conference** exemplifies the role of scholarly research in shaping policy: - Scholars and policymakers will explore how regulation impacts economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity. - The conference aims to **bridge the gap** between academic insights and practical policymaking, fostering dialogue on sustainable development and community well-being. - Discussions are expected to emphasize **long-term strategies** for equitable growth, highlighting the importance of evidence-based policies. This academic engagement underscores West Virginia’s commitment to informed decision-making and the integration of research into the policymaking process. ## Legal and Public Health Developments Recent legal and health stories continue to shape the state's policy landscape: - **Marshall University Title IX Lawsuit**: Members of Marshall University’s women’s swimming and diving team have filed a federal lawsuit challenging the university’s decision to cut their program. The case raises vital issues related to **gender equity** and **institutional accountability**, with potential implications for how colleges uphold Title IX standards. - **Public Health Initiatives**: The allocation of funds for youth tobacco prevention highlights ongoing efforts to improve public health and reduce health disparities among young West Virginians. These stories reflect West Virginia’s dedication to **representation, rights, and community well-being**, reinforcing that democracy involves safeguarding equitable opportunities and health outcomes. ## Recent Developments and Broader Implications Adding to the evolving landscape, a significant new development is the **passage of the E-Verify legislation by the Senate**, which aims to strengthen employment verification processes. Although the Senate approved the bill, **the House did not act before the legislative session concluded**, leaving its future in limbo. This pending legislation illustrates the ongoing regional and partisan debates over immigration, economic policy, and labor rights. **Current Status and Future Outlook**: - The legislative focus remains on critical social issues such as child welfare, public health, and economic stability. - Regional ideological divides—particularly on gun laws and employment policies—continue to influence policymaking and community debates. - Civic initiatives and academic forums are fostering a more informed, inclusive, and engaged populace. - Legal challenges, like the Marshall University lawsuit, are testing institutional accountability and civil rights protections. **In summary**, West Virginia’s democracy is a **living process**, driven by legislative action, legal battles, scholarly insights, and grassroots participation. The state’s ongoing debates and policies reflect a community actively shaping its future—balancing regional values, social justice, and economic development. As new bills are debated and implemented, residents and advocates remain essential agents in forging a resilient, inclusive democratic society.

Recent demographic data and reports reveal notable shifts in the population makeup of West Virginia communities, highlighting evolving racial, age, and housing trends across the state. **Bridgeport** exemplifies these changes, with recent observations indicating an increase in Hispanic and multiracial residents. While the Black population remains a significant demographic, the rising diversity suggests a broader demographic transformation within the city. This shift could influence local policies, educational planning, and community services to better serve a more diverse population. **Clarksburg** continues to be predominantly White, with 92.2% of its population identifying as such. However, there is a visible increase in residents who identify with two or more races, comprising about 4.4% of the population. These figures point to subtle but meaningful shifts in racial composition, which may impact community relations, resource allocation, and representation. The **2020 Census** provides a broader statewide perspective, noting an increase in the Diversity Index from 54.9% to 61.1%. This rise indicates that West Virginia has become more ethnically and racially diverse over the past decade. Additionally, the Census reports a decrease of 1.4% in the population under 18, while the adult population has grown by 10.1%. Housing data shows a 6.7% increase in housing units and a reduction in vacancies to 9.7%, reflecting ongoing development and changing housing dynamics. **Significance**: These demographic shifts have important implications for local policy and planning. Communities may need to adjust school curricula, expand language and cultural services, and ensure equitable access to resources. Changes in age distribution and housing also influence economic development, community engagement, and political representation. As West Virginia continues to diversify and evolve, understanding these trends is crucial for fostering inclusive and responsive communities.

# Education Funding Crisis in West Virginia Deepens: Schools and Universities Face Growing Challenges West Virginia’s education system is at a critical crossroads, facing mounting financial pressures that threaten the very fabric of its public schools and institutions of higher learning. While some progress has been made through recent legislative measures, the overall landscape remains fraught with closures, staffing upheavals, legal disputes, and ongoing funding disparities. The consequences of these developments are reshaping access, quality, and equity across the state’s educational ecosystem. ## Widespread Impact on K-12 Education The persistent underfunding plaguing West Virginia’s public schools continues to drive drastic measures at the district level. Across the state, districts are grappling with shrinking budgets, resulting in school closures, staffing reductions, and consolidations. **Recent notable developments include:** - **School Closures**: Elementary schools such as Walton and Geary have been officially closed, igniting community debates especially in rural areas where alternatives are limited. These closures are part of broader efforts to reduce operational costs amid declining student enrollments. - **Staffing Cuts and Reassignments**: Hancock County Schools, for example, reported significant staffing reductions—including layoffs and reassignments—during a recent West Virginia Board of Education meeting. Superintendent statements highlight efforts to optimize limited resources, but concerns about teacher morale and the availability of student support services persist. Similarly, Roane County has undertaken comparable staffing adjustments, illustrating a statewide pattern of austerity. - **Enrollment Declines and Funding Losses**: Marion County Schools has lost over **$4 million in state funding since 2022**, primarily due to continued declines in student enrollment. These financial losses further exacerbate the challenges districts face in maintaining quality education and staffing levels. ## Legislative Inaction and Mixed Outcomes from the 2026 Session Despite compelling evidence of a worsening crisis, legislative action has been limited and often fragmented. The 2026 session concluded with some notable achievements but also significant shortcomings: - **Passed Measures**: Lawmakers approved a **tax cut** and a **teacher pay raise**—a move welcomed by educators but criticized for not addressing the underlying funding deficiencies. The tax cut, in particular, is expected to further constrain revenue streams needed for schools and higher education. - **Stalled and Unpassed Bills**: Many proposed reforms aimed at structural funding increases failed to pass or were delayed. Critics argue that the session fell short of delivering comprehensive solutions, leaving districts in limbo and unable to plan long-term strategies. - **House of Delegates Chaos**: The final hours of the session were marked by chaos within the House, with procedural disputes and political disagreements contributing to the inability to pass additional bills that could have provided immediate relief. **Key quotes from legislative leaders** emphasize a recognition of the crisis but also frustration over inaction: *“While we took some steps forward, the structural issues remain unaddressed, and our schools continue to suffer,”* said a state senator involved in education policy. ## Divergent Responses in Higher Education While K-12 schools are experiencing austerity, higher education institutions are adopting varied strategies to navigate the funding landscape: - **Bluefield State University**: Exemplifies a proactive approach by pursuing a **strategic growth plan**. The university has seen a rise in enrollment, driven by investments in new academic programs, campus infrastructure upgrades, and community engagement initiatives aimed at regional economic development. These efforts have helped Bluefield State maintain stability amid the broader funding challenges. - **Marshall University and Legal Battles**: In stark contrast, Marshall University faces significant setbacks. Recent program cuts, including the elimination of the women’s swimming and diving team, have led to a federal lawsuit alleging violations of Title IX. The lawsuit underscores how funding decisions are increasingly impacting equity and access for female athletes and other marginalized groups, highlighting the contentious and uncertain environment of higher education in the state. ## Near-Term Outlook: Uncertainty and Risks The recent legislative actions, while providing some short-term relief, fall short of solving West Virginia’s deep-seated funding problems. The approval of a tax cut and teacher pay raise is expected to strain state revenues further, leaving many districts and universities vulnerable. **Current status highlights include:** - **Ongoing staffing cuts, school closures, and consolidations** driven by persistent budget deficits. - **Legislative gridlock**, with many reforms stalled or inadequately addressed, delaying sustainable solutions. - **Higher education institutions** like Bluefield State pursuing growth opportunities, while others like Marshall face legal and programmatic setbacks. - **Rural and underserved communities** remain at heightened risk of further declines in educational access and quality. **Implications**: Without comprehensive, long-term funding reforms, West Virginia risks facing a continued decline in educational standards, increased disparities, and diminished opportunities for its youth. The legal disputes and community unrest signal deeper issues regarding fairness and sustainability. ## The Path Forward As the state moves into the coming months, the urgency for decisive action becomes clearer. Policymakers must confront the structural funding gaps that threaten to undermine West Virginia’s educational future. The choices made now will determine whether the state can stabilize its schools and universities, promote equitable access, and foster a resilient educational environment. **In conclusion**, West Virginia’s education sector is at a crossroads. While some institutions are adapting through targeted strategies, the overarching crisis demands comprehensive reforms. The upcoming legislative session and political will will be pivotal in shaping the future of education in the Mountain State—either restoring stability and opportunity or risking further decline and inequality.

# Rural West Virginia’s Health Crises and Community Resilience: Recent Developments and Ongoing Challenges Rural West Virginia continues to stand at a crossroads, confronting a complex tapestry of health emergencies, systemic policy gaps, and inspiring community resilience. Recent events have both deepened the understanding of these vulnerabilities and demonstrated the unwavering spirit of Appalachian residents working tirelessly toward recovery and stability. ## Immediate Crises Underscore Urgency Over the past weeks, escalating tragedies and infrastructural challenges have spotlighted the fragile fabric of rural West Virginia communities: - **A Tragic ATV Death:** The death of a 15-year-old in an ATV accident has sent shockwaves through the community, emphasizing ongoing safety concerns and the emotional toll on families already strained by health disparities and economic hardship. - **Hospital Closures and Long Travel Distances:** Multiple hospital closures across counties have left residents with no choice but to travel extensive distances for emergency and routine healthcare. These gaps disproportionately affect the elderly, chronically ill, and those in remote areas, increasing risks during emergencies. - **Emergency Water Drives in McDowell County:** In response to persistent water quality issues and unreliable supply infrastructure, local volunteers have mobilized emergency water drives, exemplifying grassroots efforts to meet basic needs despite infrastructural deficiencies. These events reveal the acute vulnerabilities embedded within West Virginia’s health infrastructure and underscore the pressing need for systemic intervention. ## Policy Responses Signaling a Turning Point Amid these crises, state and federal policymakers have initiated critical steps aimed at addressing longstanding systemic issues: - **Senate Approves Permanent EMS Funding:** A landmark achievement, the West Virginia Senate recently approved legislation that guarantees **permanent funding for emergency medical services (EMS)**—a milestone in a state where EMS has historically been underfunded and strained. This move promises to bolster emergency response capacity, especially vital in rural regions where timely medical assistance is often a matter of life and death. - **Last-Minute Push on Child Abuse Legislation:** As the legislative session drew to a close, lawmakers prioritized passing comprehensive child abuse protections. Advocates emphasize that strengthening intervention protocols and protective measures are essential, particularly considering the mental health challenges faced by Appalachian youth—challenges exacerbated by poverty, migration, and limited access to mental health resources. - **Passage of House Bill 5691:** A significant public health measure, House Bill 5691 was approved to fund youth tobacco prevention programs. **CHARLESTON, W.Va. (WDTV)** reports that this appropriations bill aims to curb tobacco use among West Virginia’s youth, addressing a critical health concern rooted in longstanding cultural and economic factors. Officials highlight that investing in prevention is vital for reducing future health burdens associated with tobacco-related illnesses. These legislative actions reflect a broader commitment to fortifying health infrastructure and safeguarding vulnerable populations. ## Long-Term Challenges and the Role of Community Resilience While policy reforms lay groundwork for progress, addressing West Virginia’s enduring health crises requires sustained effort: - **Children’s Mental Health:** Appalachia’s youth grapple with mental health issues intertwined with economic hardship, high migration rates, and scarce mental health services. These challenges threaten the region’s future vitality and demand long-term investment in accessible mental health infrastructure and culturally sensitive programs. - **Workforce and Migration Pressures:** Persistent economic difficulties continue to drive migration from rural areas, depleting local workforces and weakening community resilience. This migration exacerbates service shortages and hampers local capacity to respond effectively to ongoing crises. - **Grassroots Support and Community-Led Initiatives:** Despite systemic shortcomings, local volunteers and community organizations remain central to crisis response. Whether organizing water drives or providing informal mental health support, these grassroots efforts embody the resilience and solidarity that characterize Appalachian communities. ## Cultural Context and Narrative Shifts The evolving narrative around Appalachia is gaining momentum, influenced by works such as *Appalachian Reckoning*. These narratives challenge stereotypes perpetuated by titles like *Hillbilly Elegy*, instead emphasizing stories of resilience, innovation, and community strength. Such cultural dialogues are shaping public perception and influencing policy priorities—highlighting the importance of community voices in fostering meaningful change. ## Current Status and Outlook The recent legislative momentum—particularly the approval of **permanent EMS funding** and targeted health bills—coupled with grassroots activism, provides a foundation of hope. These steps mark progress toward addressing immediate needs and systemic issues. However, **sustained investment, follow-through, and regional commitment** remain essential. Building resilient, healthier West Virginia communities will depend on continuous policy support, cultural redefinition, and empowering local initiatives. **The story of rural West Virginia continues to be one of both vulnerability and remarkable perseverance.** As the region navigates these intertwined health crises, a collective focus on comprehensive solutions and community resilience offers a pathway toward a more stable and healthy future.

# Appalachia Weighs Coal Dependence Against a Data-Driven Future As Appalachia continues to grapple with its economic identity, the region finds itself at a pivotal crossroads—balancing the enduring strength of coal with emerging opportunities in clean energy, digital infrastructure, and innovative reuse of old infrastructure. The latest developments underscore a complex landscape where economic survival, environmental concerns, and cultural identity intersect, shaping Appalachia’s future in profound ways. ## The Enduring Backbone: Coal’s Economic Significance in Appalachia Despite mounting political and environmental challenges, coal remains a vital economic force in Appalachia, particularly in West Virginia. Currently, coal generates approximately **$21 billion annually** and sustains around **36,000 jobs** across the region. This sector continues to underpin local economies and political loyalties, even as its future is uncertain amid national shifts toward cleaner energy sources. Recent data indicates that coal’s dominance persists, with state legislatures debating measures to preserve coal-plant operations and provide tax incentives. These efforts aim to safeguard jobs and economic stability but face increasing opposition from environmental advocates and citizen groups concerned about pollution and climate impacts. ## Policy Battles and Political Tensions The region is witnessing intense legislative debates over energy policies: - **Coal-Plant Protections:** Several states have introduced bills to extend the lifespan of aging coal plants, citing economic necessity. - **Fossil Fuel Tax Breaks:** Tax incentives intended to boost coal industries remain contentious, with critics arguing they hinder clean energy progress. - **Utility Bills and Permits:** Citizens and environmental groups challenge permits for new fossil-fuel power plants, citing pollution risks. Satellite imagery has revealed **methane super-emitters** linked to coal and gas facilities, raising alarms over greenhouse gas emissions. These battles reflect a broader struggle over Appalachia’s energy future and political identity—whether to cling to traditional industries or pivot toward sustainable growth. ## Emerging Opportunities: Data Centers and Innovative Reuse Amid these conflicts, Appalachia is slowly transforming into a hub for new industries: - **Massive Data Center Investments:** A prominent example is a **$4 billion data center project** in West Virginia. This facility leverages the region’s affordable energy and strategic location, positioning Appalachia as a key player in the digital economy. - **Waste Heat Utilization:** Innovative ideas are gaining traction, such as repurposing data center waste heat to benefit local communities—an approach that could reduce energy waste and support regional development. - **Underground Energy Storage:** The region’s abundant abandoned coal mines are being eyed for conversion into underground energy storage facilities. These facilities could stabilize grid supply and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources. ## Environmental and Health Concerns Environmental stakes remain high, with satellite data exposing **methane super-emitters** from coal and natural gas operations, contributing significantly to climate change. Citizen-led legal challenges against air permits for new fossil-fuel plants highlight local resistance and environmental activism. Additionally, concerns about air and water pollution persist, with communities demanding stricter safeguards. The juxtaposition of economic needs and environmental health creates a tense, uncertain landscape. ## Cultural and Social Reckoning: Appalachia’s Evolving Identity The region’s cultural fabric is deeply intertwined with coal’s legacy. As **"Appalachian Reckoning"** explores, many residents grapple with their history, identity, and economic realities. The ongoing transition prompts a societal introspection—how to honor the past while embracing a more sustainable and diversified future. This cultural shift is reflected in local narratives and advocacy, emphasizing resilience, innovation, and the quest for a new economic identity that preserves community well-being. ## Implications for the Region’s Future The way policymakers navigate these overlapping priorities will decisively shape Appalachia’s trajectory: - **Economic Stability vs. Environmental Sustainability:** Balancing support for coal-dependent jobs with efforts to reduce emissions and pollution. - **Infrastructure Development:** Investing in clean energy, digital infrastructure, and innovative reuse of old assets. - **Community Engagement:** Ensuring local voices influence decisions, especially regarding environmental safeguards and economic diversification. In conclusion, Appalachia stands at a critical juncture—its future dependent on a nuanced approach that synthesizes economic resilience, technological innovation, and environmental stewardship. How the region manages this balancing act will determine not only its economic vitality but also its role in America's broader energy and climate landscape.