Real-world EV range varies sharply with climate and vehicle use

Cold-weather testing found roughly 39–41% average range loss at 20°F and about 50% at 0°F, driven by cabin heating and reduced battery performance; heat pumps improve efficiency but do not eliminate winter penalties. Practical charging and trip planning also depend on taper, temperature, site sharing, and session-average power rather than advertised peak rates. These findings strengthen the case for climate-specific range comparisons and preconditioning.